مروری بر انتقال جنین و اهمیت این فناوری در گاوهای گوشتی و شیری

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی تغذیه طیور، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، آذربایجان غربی، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی فیزیولوژی دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، خوزستان، ایران

چکیده

در دهه‌های اخیر همگام با ایجاد روش‎های کمک تولید مثلی مختلف و مساعدت آن‌ها در امر باروری و تولیدمثل در گاو پیشرفت‌های زیادی به وقوع پیوسته است که می‌توان به مواردی از قبیل همزمان سازی فحلی، تلقیح مصنوعی، فرآیند چند تخمک‌ریزی، همانندسازی، حصول جنین و انتقال آن، لقاح آزمایشگاهی، انجماد و تولید حیوانات تراریخته اشاره نمود. در میان این دسته از فناوری‌ها، انتقال جنین، به جهت تولید نتاج متعدد از یک گاو ماده برتر از نقطه نظر ژنتیکی، به اهمیت زیادی دست یافته است. در فرآیند انتقال جنین، اقداماتی همانند جمع‌آوری جنین از گاوهای دهندۀ  برتر از لحاظ کیفی و سپس انتقال آن‌ها به گاوهای گیرنده تا پایان دوره رشد و آبستنی به مرحله اجرا در می‌آید. این فناوری مواردی از قبیل انتخاب گاوهای دهنده و گیرنده، اعمال مدیریت بر روند ارزیابی مطلوب و بهینه در اصلاح نژاد، تولید جنین، جمع‌آوری و انتقال آن در یک محدوده زمانی اندک و مناسب در چرخه فحلی را در بر می‌گیرد. این تکنولوژی در گاوها تنها با هدف دست‌یابی به افزایش نرخ تولید مثل در گاوهای ماده برتر و اصلاح شده از نقطه نظر ژنتیکی، آمیزش‌های برنامه‌ریزی شده، دوقلوزایی، کنترل بیماری‌ها و امراض، نرخ آبستنی مطلوب در گاوهای ماده واکل، ازدیاد تولید و نرخ تولید مثل در مزرعه در سطح وسیعی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. این مقاله جزئیات برخی از موارد همانند فناوری تولید جنین، انتقال جنین از گاو دهنده به گاو گیرنده و عوامل لازم و ضروری برای انتقال و تولید نتاج را مورد بازنگری و بررسی قرار می‌دهد.

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