بینش‌های نوتریژنومیک در مورد نقش متابولیت‌های زیست‌ فعال در آغوز گاو؛ پیامدها برای تنظیم ژن، عملکرد ایمنی و سلامت گوساله

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی رشته تغذیه دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 استاد رشته ژنتیک و اصلاح نژاد دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

آغوز، نخستین ترشح غده پستانی پس از زایمان، نقشی حیاتی در بقا و سلامت گوساله‌های تازه متولد شده دارد. به دلیل ساختار جفت گاو و عدم انتقال فاکتورهای ایمنی در دوران جنینی، گوساله‌ها در وضعیت آگاماگلوبولینمی متولد می‌شوند و ایمنی اولیه خود را منحصراً، از طریق دریافت به ‌موقع و کافی آغوز کسب می‌کنند. هدف از ارائه این مقاله علمی- ترویجی، بررسی نقش متابولیت‌ها و ترکیبات زیست ‌فعال آغوز گاوی در تنظیم بیان ژن‌های مرتبط با سیستم ایمنی و وضعیت سلامت گوساله‌ها با رویکرد ژنومیک تغذیه‌ای (Nutrigenomics) است. بدین منظور، مقالات منتشر شده در زمینه ترکیبات زیست ‌فعال آغوز، متابولومیکس، ژنومیک تغذیه‌ای و انتقال ایمنی غیرفعال در گوساله، تحلیل و بررسی شده‌اند. یافته‌های این مرور نشان می‌دهد که آغوز تنها منبع انرژی و حامل مواد مغذی نیست، بلکه، به عنوان یک عامل اپی‌ژنتیک قدرتمند از طریق اجزایی مانند میکروRNAها، نوکلئوتیدها و نوکلئوزیدها، فاکتورهای رشد، سیتوکین‌ها، ایمونوگلوبولین‌ها، ترانسفرین و الیگوساکاریدها، بیان ژن‌های درگیر در عملکرد سیستم ایمنی، بلوغ و حفظ یکپارچگی سد روده‌ای، تعدیل میکروبیوتای روده و پاسخ‌های التهابی را تنظیم می‌کند. این برنامه‌ریزی مولکولی اولیه نه تنها شانس بقای گوساله را در دوره بحرانی شیرخواری افزایش می‌دهد، بلکه، اثرات پایداری بر کارایی سیستم ایمنی در طول عمر تولیدی حیوان بر جای می‌گذارد. تفاوت در ترکیبات تغذیه‌ای آغوز ناشی از تفاوت‌های ژنتیکی، فردی و محیطی است. سطوح آنتی‌بادی‌ها در آغوز، شیر و سرم دارای یک جزء ژنتیکی قابل توجه هستند و می‌توان نواحی ژنومی مؤثر بر آن‌ها را شناسایی کرد. این ویژگی‌ها می‌توانند ابزاری برای کاهش شکست انتقال ایمنی غیرفعال (Failure of Passive Transfer) از طریق انتخاب ژنتیکی فراهم آورند. مدیریت صحیح تغذیه آغوز، راهکاری عملی برای بهبود سلامت گوساله‌ها در گاوداری‌های صنعتی است. شناسایی نشانگرهای ژنتیکی مرتبط با کیفیت آغوز، امکان گنجاندن این صفت در برنامه‌های اصلاح‌نژادی را فراهم می‌کند که به کاهش وابستگی به آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها و افزایش بهره‌وری اقتصادی گله منجر خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Nutrigenomic Insights into the Role of Bioactive Metabolites in Bovine Colostrum: Implications for Gene Regulation, Immune Function, and Calf Health

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahsa Dorchehzadeh 1
  • Abbas Pakdel 2
1 Ph.D. Student of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
2 Professor in Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
چکیده [English]

Bovine colostrum, the initial mammary secretion post-parturition, is indispensable for the survival and physiological well-being of newborn calves. Owing to the epitheliochorial structure of the bovine placenta, which precludes the transplacental transfer of immunoglobulins, calves are born agammaglobulinemic. Consequently, their passive immunity is acquired exclusively through the timely ingestion of adequate quantities of colostrum. This review investigates the role of colostrum-derived metabolites and bioactive compounds in modulating the expression of genes associated with immune function and overall health in calves, utilizing a nutrigenomics perspective. By synthesizing existing literature on colostrum bioactive, metabolomics, nutrigenomics, and passive immune transfer, this study elucidates the complex mechanisms underlying colostrum’s biological significance. The analysis reveals that colostrum functions not merely as a source of energy and nutrients, but as a potent epigenetic regulator. Key components—including microRNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, growth factors, cytokines, immunoglobulins, transferrin, and oligosaccharides—orchestrate the expression of genes critical for immune responsiveness, intestinal barrier maturation and integrity, gut microbiota modulation, and the regulation of inflammatory responses. This early-life molecular programming enhances calf survival rates during the critical neonatal period and exerts long-lasting effects on immune competence throughout the animal’s productive lifespan. Furthermore, variations in colostrum composition are influenced by genetic, individual, and environmental factors. Evidence suggests that antibody levels in colostrum, milk, and serum possess a significant heritable component, with specific genomic regions influencing these traits being identifiable. Consequently, identifying these genetic markers offers a promising tool for mitigating Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) through targeted genetic selection. While proper colostrum management remains a fundamental practical strategy for enhancing calf health in commercial dairy operations, integrating genetic selection for colostrum quality into breeding programs represents a forward-looking approach. Such strategies have the potential to reduce reliance on antibiotics and significantly improve overall herd productivity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bioactive components
  • Colostrum
  • Epigenetics
  • Metabolomics
  • MicroRNA

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علمی- ترویجی (حرفه‌ای) دامِستیک
دوره 26، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 37
در حال تکمیل شدن
شهریور 1405
صفحه 6-17

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