مروری بر افزودنی نوظهور پسا‌بیوتیک‌ها و اثرات فیزیولوژیکی، تغذیه‌ای و ژنتیکی آن‌ها در دام و طیور

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی فیزیولوژی دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، البرز، کرج، ایران

2 فارغ‌التحصیل دکتری تخصصی ژنتیک دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، البرز، کرج، ایران

3 استاد فیزیولوژی دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، البرز، ایران

10.22059/domesticsj.2025.395745.1196

چکیده

طبق تعریف انجمن علمی بین‌المللی پروبیوتیک‌ها و پری‌بیوتیک‌ها (International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics) در سال 2019، پسابیوتیک‌ها شامل میکروارگانیسم‌های غیرزنده و یا اجزای آن‌ها هستند که اثرات مفیدی بر سلامت میزبان دارند و نسبت به پروبیوتیک‌ها مزایای متعددی دارند. این ترکیبات شامل متابولیت‌هایی نظیر اسیدهای چرب کوتاه ‌زنجیر، اجزای دیواره سلولی و ترکیبات ضد میکروبی هستند که از طریق بهبود سلامت روده، تقویت سیستم ایمنی و تنظیم بیان ژن‌ها، عملکرد حیوانات را ارتقا می‌دهند. در گاو شیری، پسابیوتیک‌ها با کاهش شیوع بیماری‌های متابولیکی مانند کتوز و بیماری‌های عفونی مانند ورم‌پستان، افزایش تولید شیر و بهبود کیفیت آن را به ‌دنبال دارند. این مطالعة علمی- ترویجی با تمرکز بر مطالعات چندین سال اخیر و با استناد به منابع متعدد بین‌المللی، به بررسی جامع اثرات پسابیوتیک‌ها بر فیزیولوژی، تغذیه و ژنتیک گاوهای شیری و سایر حیوانات مزرعه‌ای می‌پردازد. در طیور پسابیوتیک‌ها باکتری‌های انتروباکتریاسه و E. Coli را کاهش داده و pH سکوم را پایین آوردند و در مرغ‌های تخم‌گذار، کیفیت تخم‌مرغ و تولید روزانه را افزایش دادند. از لحاظ اپی‌ژنتیکی نیز مطالعات نشان می‌دهند مصرف پسابیوتیک‌ها در دام و طیور با تنظیم بیان ژن‌های مرتبط با مسیرهای ایمنی، التهابی و متابولیک همراه است. بنابراین، نتایج نشان می‌دهد که مصرف پسابیوتیک‌ها غالباً به افزایش مصرف خوراک، بهبود هضم مواد مغذی، تقویت شاخص‌های ایمنی از جمله افزایش ایمنوگلوبولین‌ها و بهبود عملکرد تولیدی نظیر تولید و کیفیت شیر منجر می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

A review of the emerging postbiotics and their physiological, nutritional, and genetic implications in livestock and poultry

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Rezaei 1
  • Reza Faraji 2
  • Armin Towhidi 3
1 Ph.D. Student in Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Alborz, Karaj, Iran
2 Ph.D. Graduate in Animal Genetics, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Alborz, Karaj, Iran
3 Professor of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Alborz, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

According to the definition by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) in 2019, postbiotics are non-viable microorganisms and/or their components that confer health benefits to the host. Postbiotics offer several advantages over probiotics. They include metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, cell wall components, and antimicrobial substances that enhance livestock performance by improving gut health, strengthening the immune system, and modulating gene expression. In dairy cattle, postbiotics contribute to improved milk yield and quality by reducing the incidence of metabolic diseases such as ketosis and infectious diseases such as mastitis. This review article, based on recent studies and supported by numerous international references, provides a comprehensive examination of the physiological, nutritional, and genetic effects of postbiotics in dairy cows and other farm animals. Findings indicate that postbiotic supplementation often leads to increased feed intake, improved nutrient digestibility, enhanced immune markers including elevated immunoglobulin levels, and improved production performance such as milk yield and quality.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dairy cow
  • Epigenetics
  • Nutrition
  • Physiology
  • Postbiotics
Aguilar-Toalá, J., Garcia-Varela, R., Garcia, H., Mata-Haro, V., González-Córdova, A., Vallejo-Cordoba, B., and Hernández-Mendoza, A. (2018). "Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field." Trends in Food Science & Technology, 75, 105–114.
Alugongo, G., Xiao, J., Chung, Y., Dong, S., Li, S., Yoon, I., Wu, Z., and Cao, Z. (2017). "Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on dairy calves: Performance and health." Journal of Dairy Science, 100(2), 1189–1199.
Bettini, S., Perini, F., Colombi, D., Ghilardi, M., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., and Lasagna, E. (2025). "Assessing the impact of biotics on the ruminal microbiome to enhance sustainability, welfare, and performance in beef cattle: highlighting the omics approach." Italian Journal of Animal Science, 24(1), 660–676.
Bron, P. A., Tomita, S., van Swam, I. I., Remus, D. M., Meijerink, M., Wels, M., Okada, S., Wells, J. M., and Kleerebezem, M. (2012). "Lactobacillus plantarum possesses the capability for wall teichoic acid backbone alditol switching." Microbial Cell Factories, 11, 1–15.
Callaway, T. R., and Ricke, S. C. (2012). "Direct-fed microbials and prebiotics for animals." Springer.
Dai, D., Kong, F., Han, H., Shi, W., Song, H., Yoon, I., Wang, S., Liu, X., Lu, N., and Wang, W. (2024). "Effects of postbiotic products from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation on lactation performance, antioxidant capacity, and blood immunity in transition dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Science, 107(12), 10584–10598.
Duarte, M. E., and Kim, S. W. (2024). "Efficacy of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics on cell turnover, immune responses, and oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa of young pigs." Scientific reports, 14.
Dunisławska, A., Gryzińska, M., and Siwek, M. (2023). "Changes in the gene expression and methylation in chicken cecal tonsils after in ovo administration of bioactive substances. "Scientific Reports, 13.
Felsenfeld, G. (2014). "A brief history of epigenetics." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6(1), a018200.
Fernández, C., Romero, T., Badiola, I., Díaz-Cano, J., Sanzol, G., and Loor, J. J. (2022). "Postbiotic yeast fermentation product supplementation to lactating goats increases efficiency of milk production by enhancing fiber digestibility and ruminal propionate, and reducing energy losses in methane." Journal of Animal Science.
Fuller, R., and Fuller, R. (1992). "History and development of probiotics." Probiotics: The Scientific Basis, 1–8.
Geng, C., Meng, Q., Ren, L., Zhou, Z., Zhang, M., and Yan, C. (2016). "Comparison of ruminal fermentation parameters, fatty acid composition and flavour of beef in finishing bulls fed active dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast culture." Animal Production Science, 58(5), 841–847.
Ghrairi, T., Jaraud, S., Alves, A., Fleury, Y., El Salabi, A., and Chouchani, C. (2019). "New insights into and updates on antimicrobial agents from natural products." BioMed Research International, 2019, 7079864.
Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M. E., Prescott, S. L., Reimer, R. A., Salminen, S. J., Scott, K., Stanton, C., Swanson, K. S., and Cani, P. D. (2017). "Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics." Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 14(8), 491-502.
Gibson, G. R., and Roberfroid, M. B. (1995). "Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics." The Journal of Nutrition, 125(6), 1401–1412.
Górka, P., Kowalski, Z., Zabielski, R., and Guilloteau, P. (2018). "Invited review: Use of butyrate to promote gastrointestinal tract development in calves." Journal of Dairy Science, 101(6), 4785–4800.
Górska, S., Sandstrőm, C., Wojas-Turek, J., Rossowska, J., Pajtasz-Piasecka, E., Brzozowska, E., and Gamian, A (2016). "Structural and immunomodulatory differences among lactobacilli exopolysaccharides isolated from intestines of mice with experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease." Scientific Reports, 6(1), 37613.
Guo, J., Zhang, Z., Guan, L. L., Yoon, I., Plaizier, J. C., and Khafipour, E. (2024). "Postbiotics from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation stabilize microbiota in rumen liquid digesta during grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in lactating dairy cows." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 15(1), 101.
Guo, P., Zhang, K., Ma, X., and He, P. (2020). "Clostridium species as probiotics: potentials and challenges." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 11, 1–10.
Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., Morelli, L., Canani, R. B., Flint, H. J., and Salminen, S. (2014). "The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 11(8), 506-514.
Humam, A. M., Humam, A. M., Loh, T. C., Foo, H. L., Izuddin, W. I., Zulkifli, I., Samsudin, A. A., and Mustapha, N. M. (2020). "Supplementation of postbiotic RI11 improves antioxidant enzyme activity, upregulated gut barrier genes, and reduced cytokine, acute phase protein, and heat shock protein 70 gene expression levels in heat-stressed broilers." Poultry Science, 100.
Humam, A. M., Loh, T. C., Foo, H. L., Samsudin, A. A., Mustapha, N. M., Zulkifli, I., and Izuddin, W. I. (2019). "Effects of Feeding Different Postbiotics Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota Composition, Immune Status, and Growth Gene Expression in Broilers under Heat Stress." Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 9.
Izuddin, W. I., Humam, A. M., Loh, T. C., Foo, H. L., and Samsudin, A. A. (2020). "Dietary Postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Improves Serum and Ruminal Antioxidant Activity and Upregulates Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes and Ruminal Barrier Function in Post-Weaning Lambs. "Antioxidants, 9.
Izuddin, W. I., Loh, T. C., Samsudin, A. A., Foo, H. L., Humam, A. M., and Shazali, N. (2019a). "Effects of postbiotic supplementation on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial profile, blood metabolite and GHR, IGF-1 and MCT-1 gene expression in post-weaning lambs." BMC Veterinary Research, 15, 1–10.
Izuddin, W. I., Loh, T. C., Samsudin, A. A., Foo, H. L., Humam, A. M., and Shazali, N. (2019b). "Effects of postbiotic supplementation on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial profile, blood metabolite and GHR, IGF-1 and MCT-1 gene expression in post-weaning lambs." BMC Veterinary Research, 15.
Jiajun, H., Zhenzhou, W., Liu, Y., Li, L., Guoqiang, Z., Dangdang, W., & Xiangxue, X. (2024). "Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on Rumen Fermentation, Rumen Microbiota and Feces in Beef Cattle." KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ, 30(3).
Johnson, C. N., Kogut, M. H., Genovese, K., He, H., Kazemi, S, and Arsenault, R. J. (2019). "Administration of a postbiotic causes immunomodulatory responses in broiler gut and reduces disease pathogenesis following challenge." Microorganisms, 7(8), 268.
Kaufman, J., Seidler, Y., Bailey, H., Whitacre, L., Bargo, F., Lüersen, K., Rimbach, G., Pighetti, G., Ipharraguerre, I. R., and Ríus, A. (2021). "A postbiotic from Aspergillus oryzae attenuates the impact of heat stress in ectothermic and endothermic organisms." Scientific Reports, 11(1), 6407.
Kaufman, J. D., Seidler, Y., Bailey, H. R., Whitacre, L. K., Bargo, F., Lüersen, K., Rimbach, G., Pighetti, G. M., Ipharraguerre, I. R., and Ríus, A. G. (2021). "A postbiotic from Aspergillus oryzae attenuates the impact of heat stress in ectothermic and endothermic organisms." Scientific Reports, 11.
Kelsey, A. J., and Colpoys, J. D. (2018). "Effects of dietary probiotics on beef cattle performance and stress." Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 27, 8–14.
Liu, C., Ma, N., Feng, Y., Zhou, M., Li, H., Zhang, X., and Ma, X. (2023). "From probiotics to postbiotics: Concepts and applications." Animal Research and One Health, 1(1), 92–114.
Liu, H., Lu, H., Wang, Y., Yu, C., He, Z., and Dong, H. (2024). "Unlocking the power of short-chain fatty acids in ameliorating intestinal mucosal immunity: a new porcine nutritional approach." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 14.
Loh, T., Thanh, N., Foo, H., and Hair-Bejo, M. (2013). "Effects of feeding metabolite combinations from lactobacillus plantarum on plasma and breast meat lipids in Broiler Chickens." Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 15, 307–316.
Mahmoud, A. H., Slate, J. R., Hong, S., Yoon, I., and McGill, J. L. (2020). "Supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product modulates innate immune function and ameliorates bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonatal calves." Journal of Animal Science, 98(8), skaa252.
Maina, T. W., McDonald, P. O., Samuel, B. E. R., Sardi, M. I., Yoon, I., Rogers, A., and McGill, J. L. (2024). "Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic products alters immune function and the lung transcriptome of preweaning calves with an experimental viral-bacterial coinfection." Journal of Dairy Science, 107(4), 2253–2267.
Majee, S. B., Avlani, D., and Biswas, G. R. (2017). "Rheological behavior and pharmaceutical applications of bacterial exopolysaccharides." Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(9), 224–232.
Mansilla, F. I., Miranda, M. H., Uezen, J. D., Maldonado, N. C., Villar, M. A. U., Merino, L. A., Vignolo, G. M., and Nader-Macias, M. E. F. (2023). "Effect of probiotic lactobacilli supplementation on growth parameters, blood profile, productive performance, and fecal microbiology in feedlot cattle." Research in Veterinary Science, 155, 76–87.
Marco, M. L., Pavan, S., and Kleerebezem, M. (2006). "Towards understanding molecular modes of probiotic action." Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 17(2), 204–210.
McDaniel, M. R. (2009). "The effects of dosing feedlot cattle with Megasphaera elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 prior to the introduction of a grain-rich diet." Kansas State University.
Oerlemans, M. M., Akkerman, R., Ferrari, M., Walvoort, M. T., and de Vos, P. (2021). "Benefits of bacteria-derived exopolysaccharides on gastrointestinal microbiota, immunity and health." Journal of Functional Foods, 76, 104289.
Ogunade, I., Schweickart, H., McCoun, M., Cannon, K., and McManus, C. (2019). "Integrating 16S rRNA sequencing and LC–MS-based metabolomics to evaluate the effects of live yeast on rumen function in beef cattle." Animals, 9(1), 28.
Oyebade, A., Taiwo, G., Idowu, M., Sidney, T., Queiroz, O., Adesogan, A., Vyas, D., and Ogunade, I. (2024). "Effects of direct-fed microbial supplement on ruminal and plasma metabolome of early-lactation dairy cows: untargeted metabolomics approach." Journal of Dairy Science, 107(4), 2556–2571.
Pedro, A. R., Lima, T., Fróis-Martins, R., Leal, B., Ramos, I. C., Martins, E. G., Cabrita, A. R., Fonseca, A. J., Maia, M. R., and Vilanova, M. (2021). "Dectin-1-mediated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by yeast β-glucans in bovine monocytes." Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 689879.
Periti, P., and Mazzei, T. (1998). "Antibiotic-induced release of bacterial cell wall components in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock: a review." Journal of Chemotherapy, 10(6), 427-448.
Pimentel, T. C., Cruz, A. G., Pereira, E., da Costa, W. K. A., da Silva Rocha, R., de Souza Pedrosa, G. T., dos Santos Rocha, C., Alves, J. M., Alvarenga, V. O., and Sant’Ana, A. S. (2023). "Postbiotics: An overview of concepts, inactivation technologies, health effects, and driver trends." Trends in Food Science & Technology, 138, 199–214.
Retta, K. S. (2016). "Role of probiotics in rumen fermentation and animal performance: a review." International journal of livestock production, 7(5), 24–32.
Reuben, R. C., Elghandour, M. M., Alqaisi, O., Cone, J. W., Márquez, O., and Salem, A. Z. (2022). "Influence of microbial probiotics on ruminant health and nutrition: Sources, mode of action and implications." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 102(4), 1319-1340.
Ruas-Madiedo, P., and De Los Reyes-Gavilán, C. (2005). "Invited review: methods for the screening, isolation, and characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria." Journal of Dairy Science, 88(3), 843–856.
Saeed, M., Afzal, Z., Afzal, F., Khan, R. U., Elnesr, S. S., Alagawany, M., and Chen, H. (2023). "Use of Postbiotic as Growth Promoter in Poultry Industry: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Prospects." Food Science of Animal Resources, 43, 1111 – 1127.
Salminen, S., Collado, M. C., Endo, A., Hill, C., Lebeer, S., Quigley, E. M., Sanders, M. E., Shamir, R., Swann, J. R., and Szajewska, H. (2021). "The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 18(9), 649–667.
Şanlı, E. R. (2024). "Usability of Postbiotics in Ruminant Nutrition and Health." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology.
Seth, E. C., and Taga, M. E. (2014). "Nutrient cross-feeding in the microbial world." Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 350.
Sousa, D., Oliveira, C., Velasquez, A. V., Souza, J., Chevaux, E., Mari, L. J., and Silva, L. F. P. (2018). "Live yeast supplementation improves rumen fibre degradation in cattle grazing tropical pastures throughout the year." Animal Feed Science and Technology, 236, 149–158.
Swanson, K. S., Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Reimer, R. A., Reid, G., Verbeke, K., Scott, K. P., Holscher, H. D., Azad, M. B., and Delzenne, N. M. (2020). "The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics." Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 17(11), 687–701.
Thanh, N., Loh, T., Foo, H., Hair-Bejo, M. and Azhar, B. (2009). "Effects of feeding metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, faecal microbial population, small intestine villus height and faecal volatile fatty acids in broilers." British Poultry Science, 50(3), 298-306.
Uyeno, Y., Shigemori, S., and Shimosato, T. (2015). "Effect of probiotics/prebiotics on cattle health and productivity." Microbes and Environments, 30(2), 126–132.
Vailati-Riboni, M., Coleman, D. N., Lopreiato, V., Alharthi, A. S., Bucktrout, R., Abdel-Hamied, E., Martínez-Cortes, I., Liang, Y., Trevisi, E., Yoon, I., and Loor, J. J. (2021). "Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product improves udder health and immune response to a Streptococcus uberis mastitis challenge in mid-lactation dairy cows." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 12.
Vicente, F., Campo-Celada, M., Menéndez-Miranda, M., García-Rodríguez, J., and Martínez-Fernández, A. (2024). "Effect of postbiotic supplementation on nutrient digestibility and milk yield during the transition period in dairy cows." Animals, 14(16), 2359.
Xiao, J., Alugongo, G., Chung, R., Dong, S., Li, S., Yoon, I., Wu, Z., and Cao, Z. (2016). "Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on dairy calves: Ruminal fermentation, gastrointestinal morphology, and microbial community." Journal of Dairy Science, 99(7), 5401–5412.
Xu, Z., Hu, C., Xia, M., Zhan, X., and Wang, M. (2003). "Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers." Poultry Science, 82(6), 1030–1036.
Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Yu, Z., Zhou, G., and Yao, J. (2022). "Effects of supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae products on dairy calves: A meta-analysis." Journal of Dairy Science, 105(9), 7386-7398.
Zhong, Y., Wang, S., Di, H., Deng, Z., Liu, J., and Wang, H. (2022a). "Gut health benefit and application of postbiotics in animal production." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 13.
Zhong, Y., Wang, S., Di, H., Deng, Z., Liu, J., and Wang, H. (2022b). "Gut health benefit and application of postbiotics in animal production." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 13(1), 38.
Zhou, X., Hong, T., Yu, Q., Nie, S., Gong, D., Xiong, T., and Xie, M. (2017). "Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 induce c-Jun dependent Fas/Fasl-mediated apoptosis via TLR2 in mouse intestinal epithelial cancer cells." Scientific reports, 7(1), 14247.