Emerging Strategies to Better Control Bovine Mastitis: A Perspective for Detection, Diagnosis and Control of Mastitis Pathogens

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran

2 Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK

3 Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agriculture Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj 31466-18361, Iran

4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada

5 School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AJ, Northern Ireland, UK.

10.22059/domesticsj.2025.401421.1216

چکیده

Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is a major economic burden globally. It is mainly caused by bacterial pathogens and manifests in two forms: clinical mastitis, with obvious clinical signs, and subclinical mastitis, characterized by an elevated milk somatic cell count (SCC) (with subclinical mastitis being more common in most dairy herds). The SCC, often transformed into somatic cell score (SCS), is a key indicator of udder health and widely used in genetic evaluations. Mastitis occurrence and severity are influenced by many factors, including pathogen type, the cow’s immune response, environmental conditions, and genetic predisposition. This manuscript offers an overview of bovine mastitis, focusing on recent developments in diagnostic techniques that address infectious agents and non-infectious contributors, aiming to improve control strategies. Mastitis-causing bacteria are categorized into contagious, environmental, and opportunistic bacteria. Contagious bacteria primarily spread during milking, whereas environmental pathogens like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus uberis originate from the cow’s surroundings. Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma bovis are recognized as major contagious pathogens. Opportunistic bacteria, e.g., non-aureus staphylococci, commonly colonize the teat skin. Effective control relies on stringent hygiene during milking and in the cows’ environment, milking equipment maintenance, teat disinfection, appropriate treatment of clinical mastitis and intramammary infections at drying off, and vaccination. Diagnostic approaches have progressed from traditional microscopic examination and SCC testing to rapid cow-side assays, various biosensors, nucleic acid amplification, and genomic analyses. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors significantly influence susceptibility, with older cows and those in early lactation at highest risk. In summary, bovine mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease that requires an integrated approach combining hygiene, vaccination, genetic improvement, and advanced diagnostics. Addressing both host-related and environmental factors through sustainable herd management is critical to reducing mastitis prevalence, boosting dairy productivity, and enhancing animal welfare worldwide.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Emerging Strategies to Better Control Bovine Mastitis: A Perspective for Detection, Diagnosis and Control of Mastitis Pathogens

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farzad Ghafouri 1 2
  • Masoumeh Naserkheil 3
  • Mostafa Sadeghi 1
  • Seyed Reza Miraei-Ashtiani 1
  • John P. Kastelic 4
  • Herman W. Barkema 4
  • Vahid Razban 2
  • Masoud Shirali 2 5
1 Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran
2 Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
3 Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agriculture Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj 31466-18361, Iran
4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
5 School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AJ, Northern Ireland, UK.
چکیده [English]

Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is a major economic burden globally. It is mainly caused by bacterial pathogens and manifests in two forms: clinical mastitis, with obvious clinical signs, and subclinical mastitis, characterized by an elevated milk somatic cell count (SCC) (with subclinical mastitis being more common in most dairy herds). The SCC, often transformed into somatic cell score (SCS), is a key indicator of udder health and widely used in genetic evaluations. Mastitis occurrence and severity are influenced by many factors, including pathogen type, the cow’s immune response, environmental conditions, and genetic predisposition. This manuscript offers an overview of bovine mastitis, focusing on recent developments in diagnostic techniques that address infectious agents and non-infectious contributors, aiming to improve control strategies. Mastitis-causing bacteria are categorized into contagious, environmental, and opportunistic bacteria. Contagious bacteria primarily spread during milking, whereas environmental pathogens like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus uberis originate from the cow’s surroundings. Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma bovis are recognized as major contagious pathogens. Opportunistic bacteria, e.g., non-aureus staphylococci, commonly colonize the teat skin. Effective control relies on stringent hygiene during milking and in the cows’ environment, milking equipment maintenance, teat disinfection, appropriate treatment of clinical mastitis and intramammary infections at drying off, and vaccination. Diagnostic approaches have progressed from traditional microscopic examination and SCC testing to rapid cow-side assays, various biosensors, nucleic acid amplification, and genomic analyses. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors significantly influence susceptibility, with older cows and those in early lactation at highest risk. In summary, bovine mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease that requires an integrated approach combining hygiene, vaccination, genetic improvement, and advanced diagnostics. Addressing both host-related and environmental factors through sustainable herd management is critical to reducing mastitis prevalence, boosting dairy productivity, and enhancing animal welfare worldwide.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dairy cattle
  • Mastitis
  • Non-pathogens
  • Pathogens
  • Strategies

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علمی- ترویجی (حرفه‌ای) دامِستیک
دوره 25، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 33
در حال تکمیل شدن
شهریور 1404
صفحه 6-15

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