مروری بر فناوری ویرایش ژنی (کریسپر) و کاربردهای آن در تحقیقات علوم دامی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی ژنتیک و اصلاح نژاد دام و طیور، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ، کرج، البرز، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ژنتیک و اصلاح نژاد دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ، کرج، البرز، ایران

3 استاد ژنتیک و اصلاح نژاد دام و طیور، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ، کرج، البرز، ایران

چکیده

در سال 1953، محققان با کشف ساختار مارپیچ DNA به دنبال روش‌هایی برای دست‌ورزی ژنوم بودند. نقطۀ شروع فرآیند ویرایش ژنوم (Genome Editing) در دهۀ 70 میلادی با تولید DNA نوترکیب (Recombinant DNA) و توسعۀ مهندسی ژنتیک و سپس، تولید تجاری آنزیم‌های محدودکننده (Restriction Enzymes) آغاز شد. ویرایش ژنوم به فرآیند اصلاح هدفمند ژنوم اشاره دارد و یکی از مهمترین پیشرفت‌های مهندسی ژنتیک در قرن حاضر است. این فناوری، به دانشمندان این امکان را داده است که مواد ژنتیکی را با هدف بهبود عملکرد و ایجاد تغییرات ژنتیکی هدفمند در انسان، جانوران و گیاهان در نواحی خاصی از ژنوم حذف یا اضافه کنند و یا تغییر دهند. یکی از روش‌های ویرایش ژنوم، سیستم کریسپر است که به عنوان ابزاری قدرتمند برای ویرایش ژنوم با کارآیی بالا در انواع مختلف ارگانیسم‌ها به کار گرفته شده است و انقلابی در تحقیقات زیستی ایجاد کرده است. سیستم کریسپر، سیستم ایمنی اکتسابی در پروکاریوت‌ها می‌باشد که از آن‌ها در برابر باکتریوفاژها و پلاسمیدها محافظت می‌کند. از این تکنیک، می‌توان برای درمان و کنترل بیماری‌های ژنتیکی، بهبود کیفیت غذا، ساخت واکسن و دارو و نیز در جهت اصلاح و بهبود عملکرد رشد و تولیدمثل استفاده کرد. در سال 2020 به دو دانشمند به نام های جنیفر دودنا (Jennifer Doudna) و امانوئل شارپنتیر (Emmanuelle Charpentier) به دلیل ابداع تکنیک کریسپر جایزه نوبل اعطا گردید که نشان از اهمیت و کاربردهای فراوان این فناوری در حوزه پزشکی و کشاورزی در سال‌های آینده دارد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، مروری بر تاریخچه، اهمیت و کاربرد سیستم کریسپر در حوزه دامپروری با هدف پیشرفت در اصلاح دام و طیور و با در نظر گرفتن موازین اخلاقی و آسایش دام است.

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