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With the rapid advancement of science and technology in recent years, poultry nutrition is also on the verge of transformation. It appears that the era of requirement-based feed formulation is evolving, and we have now entered the period of targeted metabolic regulation. The focus of poultry nutrition research is no longer merely the provision of crude protein, metabolizable energy, and minerals; rather, it now centers on the precise regulation of metabolic pathways, modulation of gene expression, and engineering of host–gut microbiota interactions. Feed is no longer just an energy source for poultry; it is a molecular signal capable of activating or inhibiting pathways related to growth, inflammation, and immunity. Recent research in nutrigenomics has shown that the precise ratio of digestible amino acids, essential fatty acids, and bioactive plant compounds can regulate the expression of genes associated with growth, immune response, and metabolism. These findings challenge the traditional approach of simply increasing crude protein levels. It is now evident that accuracy in balancing amino acids and micronutrients is far more important than merely increasing their quantity. In addition, a deeper understanding of the gut microbiome has emerged, and gut health—recognized as the central axis of performance and immunity—has become the subject of extensive recent research. The targeted use of prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and phytogenics has made it possible to guide the microbial ecosystem. Consequently, poultry nutrition has become a tool for managing inflammation, enhancing heat stress tolerance, and improving immune responses. The fundamental question is no longer how much feed is consumed, but rather how to obtain maximum performance from each unit of feed. Furthermore, economic and climatic challenges have increased the importance of alternative protein sources. Insect protein, algae, microorganisms, and fermentation technologies are entering practical poultry diets, creating a new perspective on sustainable production and feed ingredient diversification. Ultimately, the future of poultry nutrition is based on precision and intelligence. Its objective is no longer solely to increase growth rate and performance, but to establish a balance between economic efficiency, flock health, and environmental sustainability.