مروری نوین بر مکانیسم زمستان‌گذرانی حاکم در حشرات : با تاکید بر نقش ژن‌های کاندید در زنبورعسل

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد ژنتیک و اصلاح نژاد دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد پرورش زنبورعسل، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران

3 دانشیار گرایش ژنتیک و اصلاح‌نژاد دام، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران

4 دانشیار گرایش تغذیه طیور، گروه مهندسی علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران

چکیده

پرورش زنبورعسل با توجه به وابستگی مطلق آن به آب و هوا همیشه چالش برانگیز و پر مخاطره بوده است که در این راستا یکی از چالش‌هایی که اقتصاد پرورش حشرات خصوصا زنبورعسل را تحت شعاع قرار می‌دهد، مواجهه با آب و هوای سرد و زمستان گذرانی می‎باشد. زنبور عسل در برخی موارد، نسبت به دمای بسیار پایین مانند40- درجه سانتی‌گراد یا حتی پایین‌تر از 60- درجه سانتی‌گراد مقاومت دارد. توانایی مقاومت به سرما با کاهش اندازه بدن و مقدار آب و با تجمع املاح با جرم مولکولی کم افزایش می‌یابد. برای پی بردن به عملکرد این مکانیسم‌ها نیاز به پرده برداری از حضور جهش‌های مسئول در ژن کاندید مرتبط با این پدیده می‌باشد. این ژن‌ها بسیار متنوع بوده و به طور کلی به سه دسته‌ تقسیم می‌شوند؛ ژن‌های مربوط به مسیرهای سیگنالینگ، ژن‌های مربوط به تولید مواد ضدیخ (ژن‌های تولید گلیسرول، ژن‌های تولید پروتئین‌های ضدیخ) و ژن‌های مربوط به تنظیم زمان زمستان‌گذرانی (ژن‌های مربوط به ساعت بیولوژیکی، ژن‌های مربوط به حسگرهای نور، ژن‌های مربوط به حسگرهای دما و ژن‌های مربوط به هورمون‌های زمستان‌گذرانی). ژن‌های مسیر سیگنالینگ خود به زیر مجموعۀ ژن‌های مسیر انسولین (IGF1R, Akt, FOXO, PI3K, PTEN)، ژن‌های مسیر JAK/STAT (JAK، STAT و گیرنده‌های سیتوکین)، ژن‌های مسیر TOR (TOR, Raptor, Rictor, S6K1)، ژن‌های مسیر AMPK (AMPKγ, AMPKα, AMPKβ)، ژن‌های مسیر Wnt (β-catenin, Wnt, TCF/LEF) و ژن‌های مسیر Hedgehog (Hedgehog, Patched) تقسیم می‌شود. این مقاله سعی دارد در یک نگرش اجمالی خوانندگان و مخاطبان علاقمند را با اطلاعات جدید و بروز این حوزه مطالعاتی آشنا کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A novel review on the overwintering mechanisms in insects with an emphasis on candidate genes in honey bees

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahsa Rostamzadeh 1
  • Zoha Haddad 2
  • Arash Javanmard 3
  • Ruhollah Kianfar 4
1 M.Sc. Student of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
2 M.Sc. Student of Honey Bee Breeding, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
3 Associate Professor of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
4 Associate Professor of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
چکیده [English]

For beekeepers, honey bees have always given serious risks and challenges due to their complete confidence in the climate. The fight with cold winters is one of the most important problems influencing the economy of insects, especially honeybees. In certain situations, honey bees can tolerate extremely low temperatures -40 °C or below -60 °C to survive in cold climates. Honeybees have developed complex defense mechanisms. To keep the heat, group in the beehive in winter to form a dense mass. They also produce warmth by pulling their muscles together and keeping energy from pollen and honey. Wax and pollen ensure the beehive, and the production of frost protection proteins stops the heat loss and freezing of the water in the bee bodies. Bees consume less energy in winter because they are less active. The essential losses of the winter colony of commercial beekeepers in the United States require methods to overcome bees in environments to reduce these losses. Finding the underlying mutations in the candidate genes associated with this phenomenon is of essential importance for understanding these mechanisms. These genes are very different and can be roughly divided into three groups: genes involved in the signal path, genes involved in the production of antifreeze, and genes involved in the time of the winter diapause. Insulinway-gen (IGF-1 receptor, protein kinase B, Foxo, Pi3k, Pten), JAK/Stat-Pathway-Gen (JAK, Stat, Cytokineceptors), Tor-Pathway-gene (Gate, Raptor, Rictor, S6K1), AMPK, AMPK, AMPK-Pathway-gen gene (AMPKα, AMPKβ, AMPKY), Wnt-Pathway-gene (β-catenin, Wnt, TCF/LEF) and hedgehog path (hedgehog) further into the parts of the Parts of the parts of the Signalway Gen. Glycerin and Freostraf protein gene are examples of genes that produce frost protection. The genes that control the biological clock, light and temperature sensors as well as diapause hormones are part of the Winterdiapause -Timing -Gens. This review aims to give interested readers and researchers a brief summary of the latest developments in this area of study.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Candidate Genes
  • Genetic resistance
  • Honey bee
  • Wintering

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