Effects of new generation carbohydrases on performance and intestinal health in poultry

Document Type : Scientific-Extensional Article

Author

Ph.D. Student of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at the Urmia University, West Azerbaijan, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Poultry is an imperative domesticated livestock species that provides high quality protein and micronutrients as meat and eggs. In poultry production, feed is the single major input constituting 70-75% of total production cost. Feed mainly consists of cereal grains, which provide energy to the birds. However, these grains contain different levels of anti-nutritional factors such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) are indigestible by poultry birds due to a lack of vital endogenous enzymes (carbohydrases). This increases intestinal viscosity, which slows the migration and absorption of nutrients. Consequently, NSP may also increase the chances for infection by inducing competition within gut microbiota for digestible nutrients. This affects bird’s health and increases the production cost. Therefore, there is a need to find efficient and effective solutions for these problems. Carbohydrases supplementation have an important role in poultry diets with high NSP contents. Feed enzymes are being used from years to enhance growth performance and digestibility but have limited activity for selective ingredients. New generation carbohydrases with a board range of activity and stability help to degrade the complex substrates and improve growth performance of poultry. Present review summarizes the updated literature on the use of carbohydrases to improve bird’s performance and intestinal health.

Keywords


Abdel‐Hafeez, H. M., Saleh, E. S. E., Tawfeek, S. S., Youssef, I. M. I., and Abdel‐Daim, A. S. A. (2018). “Utilization of potato peels and sugar beet pulp with and without enzyme supplementation in broiler chicken diets: effects on performance, serum biochemical indices and carcass traits.” Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 102(1), 56-66.
Aftab, U., and Bedford, M. R. (2018). “The use of NSP enzymes in poultry nutrition: myths and realities.” World's Poultry Science Journal, 74(2), 277-286.
Agboola, A. F., Odu, O., Omidiwura, B. R. O., and Iyayi, E. A. (2015). “Effect of probiotic, carbohydrase enzyme and their combination on the performance, histomorphology and gut microbiota in broilers fed wheat-based diets.” Am. J. Exp. Agric, 8(5), 307-319.
Al-Harthi, M. A. (2017). “The effect of olive cake, with or without enzymes supplementation, on growth performance, carcass characteristics, lymphoid organs and lipid metabolism of broiler chickens.” Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 19, 83-90.
Allouche, L., Madani, T., Hamouda, A. Z., Boucherit, M. R., Taleb, H., and et al. (2015). “Effect of addition of exogenous enzymes in hypocaloric diet in broiler chicken on performance, biochemical parameters and meat characteristics.” Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 31(4), 551-565.
Anuradha, P., and Roy, B. (2015). “Effect of supplementation of fiber degrading enzymes on performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing de-oiled rice bran.” Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(4), 179-184.
Apajalahti, J. (2005). “Comparative gut microflora, metabolic challenges, and potential opportunities.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14(2), 444-453.
Askelson, T. E., Flores, C. A., Dunn-Horrocks, S. L., Dersjant-Li, Y., Gibbs, K., and et al. (2018). “Effects of direct-fed microorganisms and enzyme blend co-administration on intestinal bacteria in broilers fed diets with or without antibiotics.” Poultry Science, 97(1), 54-63.
Bayer, E. A., Morag, E., and Lamed, R. (1994). “The cellulosome—a treasure-trove for biotechnology.” Trends in biotechnology, 12(9), 379-386.
Bedford, M. (2000). “Removal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets: implications and strategies to minimise subsequent problems.” World's Poultry Science Journal, 56(4), 347-365.
Bedford, M. R., and Partridge, G. G. (2010). “Enzymes and Farm Animal Nutrition. 2nd ednCABI.” Cambridge, England.
Bird, A. R., Vuaran, M., Brown, I., and Topping, D. L. (2007). “Two high-amylose maize starches with different amounts of resistant starch vary in their effects on fermentation, tissue and digesta mass accretion, and bacterial populations in the large bowel of pigs.” British Journal of Nutrition, 97(1), 134-144.
Broekaert, W. F., Courtin, C. M., Verbeke, K., Van de Wiele, T., Verstraete, W., and et al. (2011). “Prebiotic and other health-related effects of cereal-derived arabinoxylans, arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 51(2), 178-194.
Cadogan, D. J., and Choct, M. (2015). “Pattern of non-starch polysaccharide digestion along the gut of the pig: contribution to available energy.” Animal Nutrition, 1(3), 160-165.
Cardoso, V., Fernandes, E. A., Santos, H. M. M., Maçãs, B., Lordelo, M. M., and et al. (2018). “Variation in levels of non-starch polysaccharides and endogenous endo-1, 4-β-xylanases affects the nutritive value of wheat for poultry.” British Poultry Science, 59(2), 218-226.
Choct, M., Hughes, R. J., Wang, J., Bedford, M. R., Morgan, A. J., and et al. (1996). “Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti‐nutritive activity of non‐starch polysaccharides in chickens.” British Poultry Science, 37(3), 609-621.
Collins, T., Gerday, C., and Feller, G. (2005). “Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29(1), 3-23.
Costa, M., Fernandes, V. O., Ribeiro, T., Serrano, L., Cardoso, V., and et al. (2014). “Construction of GH16 β-glucanase mini-cellulosomes to improve the nutritive value of barley-based diets for broilers.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(30), 7496-7506.
Cowieson, A. J., and Bedford, M. R. (2009). “The effect of phytase and carbohydrase on ileal amino acid digestibility in monogastric diets: complimentary mode of action.” World's Poultry Science Journal, 65(4), 609-624.
Cowieson, A. J., Bedford, M. R., and Ravindran, V. (2010). “Interactions between xylanase and glucanase in maize-soy-based diets for broilers.” British Poultry Science, 51(2), 246-257.
Cowieson, A. J., and Kluenter, A. M. (2019). “Contribution of exogenous enzymes to potentiate the removal of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production.” Animal Feed Science and Technology, 250, 81-92.
Cowieson, A. J., and Ravindran, V. (2008). “Effect of exogenous enzymes in maize-based diets varying in nutrient density for young broilers: growth performance and digestibility of energy, minerals and amino acids.” British Poultry Science, 49(1), 37-44.
Cowieson, A. J. (2010). “Strategic selection of exogenous enzymes for corn/soy-based poultry diets.” The Journal of Poultry Science, 47(1), 1-7.
Cozannet, P., Montanhini Neto, R., Geraert, P. A., and Kidd, M. (2017). “Feedase: the new generation of feed enzymes to optimise complete nutrient availability in diets.” AFMA Matrix, 26(1), 24-25.
Danicke, S., Vahjen, W., Simon, O., and Jeroch, H. (1999). “Effects of dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation to rye-based broiler diets on selected bacterial groups adhering to the intestinal epithelium. on transit time of feed, and on nutrient digestibility.” Poultry Science, 78(9), 1292-1299.
De La Mare, M., Guais, O., Bonnin, E., Weber, J., and Francois, J. M. (2013). “Molecular and biochemical characterization of three GH62 α-L-arabinofuranosidases from the soil deuteromycete Penicillium funiculosum.” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 53(5), 351-358.
El-Hack, M. E., Alagawany, M., Laudadio, V., Demauro, R., and Tufarelli, V. (2017). “Dietary inclusion of raw faba bean instead of soybean meal and enzyme supplementation in laying hens: Effect on performance and egg quality.” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24(2), 276-285.
Fernandes, V. O., Costa, M., Ribeiro, T., Serrano, L., Cardoso, V., and et al. (2016). “1, 3-1, 4-β-Glucanases and not 1, 4-β-glucanases improve the nutritive value of barley-based diets for broilers.” Animal Feed Science and Technology, 211, 153-163.
Flores, C., Williams, M., Pieniazek, J., Dersjant-Li, Y., Awati, A., and et al. (2016). “Direct-fed microbial and its combination with xylanase, amylase, and protease enzymes in comparison with AGPs on broiler growth performance and foot-pad lesion development.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 25(3), 328-337.
Gomide Junior, M. H., Sterzo, E. V., Macari, M., and Boleli, I. C. (2004). “Use of scanning electron microscopy for the evaluation of intestinal epithelium integrity.” Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33, 1500-1505.
Hedemann, M. S., Theil, P. K., and Knudsen, K. B. (2009). “The thickness of the intestinal mucous layer in the colon of rats fed various sources of non-digestible carbohydrates is positively correlated with the pool of SCFA but negatively correlated with the proportion of butyric acid in digesta.” British Journal of Nutrition, 102(1), 117-125.
Hübener, K., Vahjen, W., and Simon, O. (2002). “Bacterial responses to different dietary cereal types and xylanase supplementation in the intestine of broiler chicken.” Archives of Animal Nutrition, 56(3), 167-187.
Jia, W., Slominski, B. A., Bruce, H. L., Blank, G., Crow, G., and et al. (2009). “Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge.” Poultry Science, 88(1), 132-140.
Józefiak, D., Rutkowski, A., Jensen, B. B., and Engberg, R. M. (2006). “The effect of 𝛃-glucanase supplementation of barley-and oat-based diets on growth performance and fermentation in broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract.” British Poultry Science, 47(1), 57-64.
Juanpere, J., Perez-Vendrell, A. M., Angulo, E., and Brufau, J. (2005). “Assessment of potential interactions between phytase and glycosidase enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility in broilers.” Poultry Science, 84(4), 571-580.
Kalantar, M., Khajali, F., and Yaghobfar, A. (2015). “Different dietary source of non-starch polysaccharides supplemented with enzymes affected growth and carcass traits, blood parameters and gut physicochemical properties of broilers.” Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, 3(2), 412-418.
Kaldhusdal, M. I. (2000). “Necrotic enteritis as affected by dietary ingredients.” World Poultry, 16(6), 42-43.
Liu, Q., Zhou, D. Y., Chen, L., Dong, R. Q., and Zhuang, S. (2015). “Effects of feruloyl esterase, non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes, phytase, and their combinations on in vitro degradation of rice bran and nutrient digestibility of rice bran based diets in adult cockerels.” Livestock Science, 178, 255-262.
Mohammed, A. A., Habib, A. B., Eltrefi, A. M., Shulukh, E. S. A., and Abubaker, A. A. (2018). “Effect of different levels of multi-enzymes (Natuzyme Plus®) on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of broiler chicken.” Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 13, 61-66.
Morana, A., Maurelli, L., Ionata, E., La Cara, F., and Rossi, M. (2011). “Cellulases from fungi and bacteria and their biotechnological applications.” Cellulase: Types and Action, Mechanisms and Uses, 1-79.
Munyaka, P. M., Nandha, N. K., Kiarie, E., Nyachoti, C. M., and Khafipour, E. (2016). “Impact of combined β-glucanase and xylanase enzymes on growth performance, nutrients utilization and gut microbiota in broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diets.” Poultry Science, 95(3), 528-540.
Odetallah, N. H., Parks, C. W., and Ferket, P. R. (2002). “Effect of wheat enzyme preparation on the performance characteristics of tom turkeys fed wheat-based rations.” Poultry Science, 81(7), 987-994.
Ohimain, E. I., and Ofongo, R. (2014). “Enzyme supplemented poultry diets: benefits so far–A review.” International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology, 3(5), 31-39.
Olgun, O., Altay, Y. A. S. İ. N., and Yildiz, A. O. (2018). “Effects of carbohydrase enzyme supplementation on performance, eggshell quality, and bone parameters of laying hens fed on maize-and wheat-based diets.” British Poultry Science, 59(2), 211-217.
Pluske, J. R., Hampson, D. J., and Williams, I. H. (1997). “Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review.” Livestock Production Science, 51(1-3), 215-236.
Ravn, J. L., Glitsø, V., Pettersson, D., Ducatelle, R., Van Immerseel, F., and et al. (2018). “Combined endo-β-1, 4-xylanase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase increases butyrate concentration during broiler cecal fermentation of maize glucurono-arabinoxylan.” Animal Feed Science and Technology, 236, 159-169.
Ahmad, R. A. Z. A., Bashir, S., and Tabassum, R. (2019). “Evaluation of cellulases and xylanases production from Bacillus spp. isolated from buffalo digestive system.” Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1).
Saleh, A. A., El-Far, A. H., Abdel-Latif, M. A., Emam, M. A., Ghanem, R., and et al. (2018). “Exogenous dietary enzyme formulations improve growth performance of broiler chickens fed a low-energy diet targeting the intestinal nutrient transporter genes.” PLoS One, 13(5), e0198085.
Smirnov, A., Perez, R., Amit-Romach, E., Sklan, D., and Uni, Z. (2005). “Mucin dynamics and microbial populations in chicken small intestine are changed by dietary probiotic and antibiotic growth promoter supplementation.” The Journal of Nutrition, 135(2), 187-192.
Stefanello, C., Vieira, S. L., Carvalho, P. S. D., Sorbara, J. O. B., and Cowieson, A. J. (2016). “Energy and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal and corn-based diets supplemented with xylanase.” Poultry Science, 95(8), 1881-1887.
Sun, Q., Liu, D., Guo, S., Chen, Y., and Guo, Y. (2015). “Effects of dietary essential oil and enzyme supplementation on growth performance and gut health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens.” Animal Feed Science and Technology, 207, 234-244.
Tanabe, H., Ito, H., Sugiyama, K., Kiriyama, S., and Morita, T. (2006). “Dietary indigestible components exert different regional effects on luminal mucin secretion through their bulk-forming property and fermentability.” Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 70(5), 1188-1194.
Teirlynck, E., Bjerrum, L., Eeckhaut, V., Huygebaert, G., Pasmans, F., and et al. (2009). “The cereal type in feed influences gut wall morphology and intestinal immune cell infiltration in broiler chickens.” British Journal of Nutrition, 102(10), 1453-1461.
Teymouri, H., Zarghi, H., and Golian, A. (2018). “Evaluation of hull-less barley with or without enzyme cocktail in the finisher diets of broiler chickens.” Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 20(3), 469-483.
Thammarutwasik, P., Hongpattarakere, T., Chantachum, S., Kijroongrojana, K., Itharat, A., and et al. (2009). “Prebiotics-A Review.” Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology, 31(4).
Van Soest, P. J. (1967). “Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages.” Journal of animal Science, 26(1), 119-128.
Waititu, S. M., Sanjayan, N., Hossain, M. M., Leterme, P., and Nyachoti, C. M. (2018). “Improvement of the nutritional value of high-protein sunflower meal for broiler chickens using multi-enzyme mixtures.” Poultry Science, 97(4), 1245-1252.
Walters, H. G., Brown, B., Augspurger, N., Brister, R., Rao, S., and et al. (2018). “Evaluation of NSPase inclusion in diets manufactured with high-and low-quality corn on male broilers.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 27(2), 228-239.
Wu, Y. B., Ravindran, V., and Hendriks, W. H. (2004). “Influence of exogenous enzyme supplementation on energy utilisation and nutrient digestibility of cereals for broilers.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84(14), 1817-1822.
Yildiz, T., Ceylan, N., Zafer, A. T. İ. K., Karademir, E., and Erklin, B. (2018). “Effect of corn distillers dried grains with soluble with or without xylanase supplementation in laying hen diets on performance, egg quality and intestinal viscosity.” Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2).
Zhou, Y., Jiang, Z., Lv, D., and Wang, T. (2009). “Improved energy-utilizing efficiency by enzyme preparation supplement in broiler diets with different metabolizable energy levels.” Poultry Science, 88(2), 316-322.