http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/ Professional Journal of Domestic en daily 1 Fri, 19 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 19 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0330 http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80833.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80834.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80835.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80836.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80837.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80838.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_77763.html Starch, comprising up to 70–80% of most cereal grains, is the primary source of energy in poultry diets. Although it is generally believed that starch is well digested by poultry, low total tract and ileal starch digestibility has been reported in some studies. The structure and composition of starch granules, their interaction with protein matrix, and their availability after feed processing play important roles in the digestion of starch. There is clear evidence that starch digestion is highly correlated with its structural location within feedstuffs and components associated with starch granule. Viscous non-starch polysaccharides and feed technology practices such as pelleting, whole grain feeding and inclusion of fibrous materials also have significant influence on starch digestibility. The aim of this review was to focus on factors affecting the digestion and absorption processes of starch in poultry. The effects of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, and feed processing on starch digestion are also reviewed. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80839.html Nowadays, in the animal husbandry, fats are used as nutritional supplements in the diet of ruminants. Various sources of fat used in ruminant nutrition include fats in Feeds, oilseeds and commercial fat supplements such as calcium salts. Fats are lipolyzed by microorganisms after being placed in the rumen environment and subsequently hydrogenated. Feeding fatty acids with several double bonds at different times to dairy cows reduces the percentage of milk fat, increases milk production and improves animal health. The use of fat supplements during the transition period is one of the nutritional strategies to deal with the negative energy balance. Extruded soybeans improve the metabolic status of the animal during the transition period, and the use of fats in the form of calcium salts improves the digestibility of nutrients in the digestive tract of transitional cows. Addinginert fat sources such as calcium fatty acids to ewes' diets increases the percentage of milk fat, but if the amount of these sources reaches more than 90 grams per head per day, it reduces the percentage of milk fat. Dietary fat can affect the function of the ovaries, uterus, and overall pregnancy rate by providing fatty acids as precursors to cholesterol and prostaglandins. The use of fat supplements in the form of calcium salts in the diet of infant calves improves the intake of the initial diet, weight gain and improves feed efficiency. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80840.html The livestock life of the country depends on rangelands, and what justifies sheep farming in Iran now is the use of rangelands, which are used free of charge or at low cost. Sheep are usually grazed in the convenient seasons, although the choice of grazing time at any point depends on climatic conditions, altitude, soil type, and finally the type of plant. In areas where there are rich pastures, sheep breeding is also productive and meat and dairy breeds can be bred, but in poor pasture conditions, it is more appropriate to breed low-expected native and small breeds. Prolonged grazing causes a significant change in plant composition and leads to the cover of undesirable plants. Rangelands are God-given national assets and must be used properly to raise livestock. One of the principles that is considered in this regard is to pay attention to the capacity of the rangeland and to observe the time of entry and exit of livestock from the rangeland. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80841.html The role of numbers in the livestock industry is so prominent as far as paying attention to them will lead to positive results such as preventing energy waste, economic efficiency, and high productivity, and any neglect of them by related people will cause a lot of economic problems. Each type of data has its own classification and organization and can play a significant role in topics such as facility and construction of the farm, justification plan, nutrition, feed formulation, hygienic, livestock health status, production, evaluation of production potential, reproduction, and evaluation of reproductive efficiency. So, the accuracy of recorded data can have a significant impact on the results. In many subjects, there are numerical standards that animal scientists must learn during their education or they must have a reliable reference so that they could refer to it whenever needed. Therefore, we can mention the role of numbers in the estrous cycle of livestock, the duration of colostrum consumption (first week), and also the production performance in different livestock species (livestock, poultry, aquatic animals, and bees). In fact, the aim of this study is to briefly refer to some of the numbers, rules, and standards in animal sciences, especially in the field of reproduction and production performance to express their key and practical importance in terms of successful animal husbandry. Finally, it can be concluded that numbers have a significant role in the livestock industry and we should try to increase the accuracy of recorded information and making more attention to the numbers in the field of animal sciences to be a looker-on the growing progress of the livestock industry. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80842.html This study provides an overview of benefits of long chain fatty acids omega-3 to increasing ruminant׳s performance and recent advances in the use of rich sources of alpha-linolenic acid in oilseeds and fish oil in ruminant diets. Currently, most attention is paid to the use of creative nutritional strategies to improve the amount of unsaturated fatty acids with several double bonds in ruminant products, which in turn increase the content of these fatty acids for human health. The richest sources of omega-3 fatty acids are seafood and oilseeds such as flaxseed and canola. Numerous studies have shown that the consumption of these fatty acids in the diet can increase these fatty acids in ruminant products. However, other studies have shown that supplements high in these fatty acids do not cause a significant increase in ruminant products, possibly due to extensive biohydrogenation in the rumen. It has been suggested that supplementing ruminant diets with sources rich in omega-3 fatty acids by 6% can improve the profile of these fatty acids in ruminant products, and they are unlikely that have adverse effects on feed intake, Carcass qualities, and growth. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80843.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80844.html The in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is generally used to refer to a number of procedures performed in laboratory which includes the maturation, fertilization, and culture steps required to produce embryos from immature oocytes. The IVEP emerged as an alternative to the in vivo embryo production by superovulation, also known as multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET). The IVEP was a technically complex process and had a high implementation cost, so it was formerly expected to increase slowly, focused in specific market demands. In vitro embryo production has the potential to produce more offspring from genetically valuable animals than standard MOET as it is capable of avoiding most of the causes of failure in MOET (poor response to superovulation, poor fertilization and premature luteolysis). It also allows repeating collection in the donor animals more often and more times in their reproductive life. However, consistent results are not easy to obtain when conducting large scale programs, mainly due to variability associated with the in vitro fertilization results. Here some of the wildly used jargon in the IVEP lab, were provided. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80845.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80846.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80847.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80848.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_80849.html http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_81107.html An increase in global temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions plays a very important role in climate change. About 18 percent of the world's greenhouse gases come from livestock, including dairy cows, 35 percent of which are due to ruminant methane production. Recent studies in dairy cows have shown that there is a genetic variation in methane production that makes it possible to design reduce methane strategies based on breeding. Breeding strategies to reduce methane emissions include direct selection to reduce methane released through the burping and intestines and also indirect selection through indicator traits such as feed intake and milk infrared spectroscopy data. Many of these traits are costly or difficult to record and measure; however, with the advent of molecular genetics and the introduction of genomic selection, it is practical to defining methane emission reduction as a target trait in breeding strategies, even with a limited number of candidates. Five genes of CYP51A1, PPP1R16B, NTHL1, TSC2, and PKD1 have been identified in dairy cows based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on direct daily methane measurements, which have been identified as candidate and effective genes for methane production. In fact, the purpose of this study is to review the studies and reports in the field of genetics and breeding of livestock in relation to the reduction of methane production and also to introduce traits for methane phenotypic measurement. As a result, it is hoped that with the development of molecular genetic technologies and the integration of genomic data with animal phenotypic data, breeding strategies were developed to further identify controlling genomic loci as well as biological pathways affecting methane production; to witness breeding and genetic improvement of livestock in relation to reduced methane production. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_81122.html The purpose of this experiment was to compare the economic efficiency of different energy levels and dietary protein on the performance of Azarbayjan native turkeys. 378 turkeys in the form of ­9 ­treatment and 3 repetitions with 14 pieces in each experimental unit, by the factorial method in a completely randomized design including­ 3 different levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein from the values ​​suggested in the table ­(NRC,­ 1994) In the experimental period 56­ days during­ 2 age stage 0 ­to 8 weeks was performed.­ During the experimental diets,­ they were fed in flour and freely. During the experiment,­ feed intake, weight changes,­ conversion factor, energy and protein efficiency,­ feed cost per kilogram of weight gain were measured and the economic performance of each group was calculated. The results of this experiment showed that the group fed a diet containing 10% lower metabolizable energy and crude protein equal to the recommended values ​​in NRC tables, with lower feed intake, better conversion ratio, higher energy efficiency, lower feed cost For increasing each kilogram of weight and higher economic efficiency, 7282 Rials for each piece of turkey chicken aged 0 to 4 weeks increases the profit. Also, the group fed a diet containing 10% of metabolizable energy and lower crude protein with the recommended values ​​in NRC tables, with less feed intake, more weight gain, more energy efficiency, lower feed cost per kilogram of weight and yield. Higher economy, 14496 Rials for each piece of turkey chicken aged 5 to 8 weeks has an increase in profit. Accordingly, it was found that diets containing 10% lower metabolizable energy and crude protein equal to the recommended values ​​in the NRC tables for turkeys at 0 to 4 weeks of age and diets containing 10% of metabolizable energy and crude protein Lower with the recommended values ​​in NRC tables for turkey chicks 5 to 8 weeks old compared to the recommended values ​​in NRC tables, with 21778 Rials profit in two age stages (0 to 8) weeks, has more economic returns. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_81442.html Vinasse is known as the main source of pollution in the ethanol production industry. Vinasse can be used as a proper ingredient in ruminant nutrition. Due to increased environmental concerns and economic points of view, management of the food processing by-products such as being used as an animal feed alternative has got increased tendency. Using by-products obtained from crops and food leftovers in farm animals feeding may reduce the harmful effects of food industry by-products and improve their profitability and added-value. This is an efficient method to improve the quality of a feed ingredient, which has low quality, to an approximately equal extent to the quality of some high-quality foods such as meat and milk. It will alleviate the livestock feed dependence on the feed ingredients that can be used for human consumption. Vinasse contains high amounts of salts, yeast, and organic matter remarkably crude protein. It has brown color and an acidic pH ranging from 4 to 5. The high content of vinasse protein, which consists of non-essential amino acids, has high digestibility that could improve the animal's performance. Probiotic properties and yeast found in vinasse could prevent the replacement of pathogenic micro-organisms in the intestine and maintain the intestinal microflora in a normal and balanced condition. The high content of organic acids (including oxalate, lactate, acetate, and malate) and sorbitol caused an improvement in ruminant performance which in turn increases the digestion and utilization of nutrients, Vit D synthesis, Vit C absorption, and other minerals. Thus, the feed metabolism would be facilitated.  http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_81443.html Milk is an essential substance for growth and part of the diet, and also plays a major role in the daily nutrition of human life. Consumption of donkey milk as a beneficial beverage is recommended by various researchers and uses of it in the most part of the world is increasing, because it has nutritional properties and lack of allergenic proteins. The milk compounds of different species are widely different due to genetic, physiological, nutritional factors, and environmental conditions. Donkey milk contains less protein and fat but more lactose than cow's milk, so it is easily digestible and rich in nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of donkey milk to find out its quality. In the present study, donkey milk samples in terms of physical and chemical tests such as Dry Matter, Ash, Fat by Gerber method, Protein by Macro Kjeldahl method, Lactose by Lane Eynon method, Specific Gravity, and pH, and Total bacterial count (TBC) were evaluated. Based on the results obtained from chemical parameters, donkey milk was rich in lactose and poor in fat and protein. Also, the microbial load of the studied milk according to international standards and evaluation of samples in terms of physical parameters having acceptable quality. As a result, the use of donkey milk is recommended as a useful drink due to the similarity of its physical and chemical properties with human milk, having good microbial quality as well as healing properties. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_81666.html With the advent of molecular genetics, molecular tools, and bioinformatics, it became possible to determine the genetic nature of desirable traits in different animal species, and with the introduction of livestock and poultry breeding science, a new approach in breeding strategies became possible. Extensive breeding for traits such as increased growth rate and increased number of eggs produced in a period has reduced reproductive performance and disease resistance. Therefore, the use of transgenic animals especially poultry as a superior genetic model in genetic and physiological studies can be effective. The aim of this study was to introduce different methods of gene transfer, especially the two applied methods of using primary germ cells and spermatogonia stem cells in gene transfer to produce transgenic poultry as a superior genetic model in genetic, medical, and pharmaceutical studies. There are several methods for gene transfer and transgenic animal production of which primary germ cells and spermatogonia stem cells are the most commonly used ones. Primary germ cells are precursors of sperm and eggs that are programmed to transmit genetic and epigenetic information to future generations. Spermatogonia stem cells produce sperm through the process of spermatogenesis. As a result, the science of biotechnology and genome editing is advancing rapidly with increasing food production and food safety, as well as widespread application in medicine and pharmaceutical science in the world's growing population, and it can be used to develop breeding goals in various animal species. It can be used to develop resistance to infectious diseases and various geographical conditions; the applications of biotechnology in livestock and poultry breeding strategies are endless. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_81704.html Sustainability in livestock production system is largely affected by climate changes. An imbalance between metabolic heat production and its dissipation to the surroundings results in heat stress (HS) under high ambient temperature and humid climates. The first reactions of livestock to heat stress conditions include increasing respiration rate, rectal temperature, and heart rate which directly affects feed intake. This may cause a reduction in growth rate, milk yield, reproductive performance, and even death in severe conditions. Dairy cows are usually more sensitive to heat stress than meat strains, and in this regard, high-yielding animals are more sensitive mainly because of more metabolic heat production. Heat stress suppresses the immune and endocrine systems and thus increases the susceptibility of the animal to various diseases. Hence, sustainable dairy farming in these globally changing climatic conditions remains a major challenge. http://domesticsj.ut.ac.ir/article_81707.html During a pandemic, domesticated animals and pets are among the most vulnerable groups and need human care and support. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world faced three problems related to pets: (1) Zoonotic concerns in caring for a pet, (2) The effects of the pandemic on the behavior of pets and their owners, and (3) How to take emotional and physical care of pets. In this review, we have tried to identify and provide supportive solutions to ensure the welfare of pets by addressing these problems. Studies in this area have shown that dogs and cats can be infected with the virus, but are unlikely to show clinical signs or to be able to infect other animals or humans. Of course, information in this area is not yet complete and more research is needed. Therefore, it is suggested that humans take precautionary measures to help control the spread of the disease and the well-being of themselves and their pets.