Zearalenone mycotoxin in poultry nutrition

Document Type : Scientific-Extensional Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at the Urmia University, West Azerbaijan, Iran

2 Ph.D. Student of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at the Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Zearalenone is a fungi mycotoxin which is being found in cereals such as corn grains and soybean worldwide. This mycotoxin activates estrogen receptors despite its non-estradiol structure and thus causes morphological and functional changes in reproduction organs. Pigs are known as the most susceptible species to this mycotoxin among farm animals, and the clinical symptom of exposure to this mycotoxin involves ovarian atrophy, prolonged estrus intervals, persistent corpora lutea, decreased fertility, and stillbirth. Controlled experiments showed that the severity of these effects depends on the reproductive status of the animals, which have the greatest impact on immature animals. Zearalenone not only interacts with both types of estrogen receptors but also is the hydroxysteroid substrate of dehydrogenase, which converts the zearalenone into two isomeric steroid metabolites called alpha-zearalenone and beta-zearalenone. Secondary metabolites of alpha-zearalenone and beta zearalenone are produced in the second step of the reduction process. Alpha-hydroxylation increases the estrogenic strength of these compounds compared to primary compounds. Probably the specification of alpha-hydroxylation in animal species is related to the susceptibility of an animal species, such as pigs, to exposure to zearalenone. Another factor of animal species susceptibility to this mycotoxin is related to the inactivation capacity of zearalenone and its metabolites through glucuronidation. Pigs have the lowest inactivation capacity through glucuronidation among animal species. Thus, this may cause a delay in zearalenone inactivation.

Keywords

References

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